An Analysis of Dynamic Facades in Architecture

Ar. K. Dhiksha¹, Vikram E.²

¹Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Planning,

Anna University, Chennai -600025, Tamil Nadu, India.

²B. Arch Student, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Planning,

Anna University, Chennai -600025, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: ar.dhikshakishore@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

The presence of dynamic façades in buildings is a phenomenon that has captured the imagination and attention of many, when projects with said elements are announced and implemented. In order to derive an idea of what this phenomenon entails in the present and the future, this study delves into what dynamism is, and how it is applied in architecture as an element of design. This is achieved via viewing various case examples of dynamic façades in architecture, and the earliest usage of dynamic character as part of façade elements. Due to the various functions of dynamic façades in their individual contexts concerning climatic conditions, mode of operation, intended functions, etc. an analysis of the operations and benefits offered by dynamic façade systems is undertaken on a comparative basis, with unprejudiced inferences based on salient parameters taken as common factors to ponder upon. Based on the inferences, this study will deliberate on the beneficial aspects of implementing dynamic façade systems in buildings, and on whether those benefits outweigh the drawbacks and challenges of the same, especially concerning the feasibility of this element on a globalized scale in the coming era.

KEYWORDS: Dynamic façades, Kinetic elements, Iconic/cultural relevance, External factors, Sensors.

INTRODUCTION:

Dynamism, in a general manner, refers to the presence, or apparent presence, of movement or other changes due to governing forces across space and time. Dynamism as a concept is prevalent across various fields of study, whether it is a part of STEM (science, technology, education, mathematics) or more oriented towards the artistic sphere. Naturally, the concept of dynamism is also present in the field of architecture, which straddles the fine line between science and art and is, in a way, an amalgamation of both disciplines.

In architecture, the notion of dynamism implies that the built structure (either as a part or as the whole) exudes a sense of motion or change by means of actual movement or by appearing to do so.

The focus of this study will be on the topic of dynamic façades (with corresponding case studies), where the façade system will consist of kinetic elements as part of its basic components, as opposed to buildings with implied dynamism without the presence of kinetic elements.

CASE EXAMPLES OF DYNAMIC FAÇADES:

1. AL-Bahr Towers, Abu Dhabi:

The Al-Bahr Towers are a commercial development in the city of Abu Dhabi that consists of two 29-storey towers of a height of 145 metres, with one tower serving as the headquarters of the Abu Dhabi Investment Council, and the other tower being the headquarters of the Al-Hilal Bank.

It is a well-known case example of a context-driven dynamic façade system with emphasis on local climatic and cultural elements evident in the design, which was a result of a winning proposal from Aedas-UK.

The distinct identity of the building lies in its external envelope, whose design (based on the element of mashrabiyas in Islamic architecture) is an adaptive and fluidic structure that regulates the amount of external heat and sunlight that permeates the interior of the towers. The kinetic response to external factors (sunlight, wind loads, abrasive dust elements) has enabled the optimization of the building with respect to energy consumption and user comfort.

Fig. 1: The Al Bahr Towers is an ambitious project that is an amalgamation of multiple disciplines; Left – an elevation of the entire tower complex; Right – a close-up view of the façade system in action (Source: ArchDaily)

The advantages offered can be classified as follows:

Qualitative benefits:

· Iconic and culturally relevant building identity

· Improved user comfort and psychological well-being of occupants due to optimized internal conditions

· Generation of natural views from the inside and the outside of the building

Quantitative benefits:

· 20% overall energy savings, and 50% energy savings for office spaces

· 20% reduction in overall carbon emission, and 50% for office spaces

· 50% reduction in heat gain

As a design that set a benchmark in dynamic architecture, the Al Bahr Towers saw a fair amount of challenges throughout its design and implementation processes.

· Specialized requirements for customized components at various levels of construction

· Costs added on due to need for specialization and expertise

· Process management

2. Arab World Institute, Paris:

The Arab World Institute is an organization founded as a partnership between France and 18 countries of the Arab World with the aim of making the information and ideals of the Arab World accessible to the rest of the world in a secular manner. Its headquarters is located in a namesake building, designed by Jean Nouvel in partnership with Architecture-Studio, on the Rue des Fosses Saint Bernard in Paris, France, along the river Seine. The façade system in this case is a metal screen consisting of individual units with multiple apertures that open and close based on external conditions as factored in by sensors.

Fig. 2: The Arab World Institute is one of the earliest examples of kinetic façade design; Left – an elevation of the kinetic façade on the southern face; Right – an individual panel with camera-inspired apertures (Source: Institut du Monde Arabe)

The advantages offered can be classified as follows:

Qualitative benefits:

· Iconic and culturally relevant building identity

· Improved user comfort and psychological well-being of occupants due to optimized internal conditions

· Generation of natural views from the inside and the outside of the building

· Embodiment of the user’s ideals on various levels

Challenges have arose in the processes of designing, constructing, and operating the Arab World Institute building, some of which have their ramifications apparent in the present era. These include the following:

· Some of the apertures of the diaphragms have fallen into disrepair, thus being prevented from undertaking their primary function. This has been attributed to the mashrabiya lattice being made of metal, which wore down over time due to exposure to the elements. The screen has been undergoing renovation, along with the addition of LED lighting incorporated in the mashrabiya.

· Due to the rising prominence of the Arab World, the Institute requires expansion in both the literal and figurative senses. This reflects in the requirement of additional space in the building, whose design, while functional for its era, could not foresee the future development of the Arab World Institute. As a result, the Institute headquarters is undergoing an expansion project to accommodate the needs of the changing times.

3. Adaptive Solar Façade, Eth, Zurich:

Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, abbreviated to ETH Zurich, is one of the foremost universities around the world, offering a variety of courses across the STEM spectrum. It also includes a faculty for architecture, whose innovations in dynamic facade systems were conceived and implemented as a live case study of their own.

The project started among a group of academics in the Architecture and Building Systems faculty at ETH Zurich in 2014. It began as a proposal to address the issue of mitigation of greenhouse gas emission in buildings to confirm with the vision of the European Union to achieve net zero energy consumption for all newly constructed buildings by the year 2020. Hence, the direction of the process was tuned towards harnessing solar energy to function in a perpetual cycle of energy.

The system operates by means of shading units (each consistng of a shading panel, an actuator, and a photovoltaic sensor) mounted upon a diagonal grid supporton the building envelope. The movement of the shading panel is governed by signals from the sensors, which inflate the actuators as per the required configuration.

Fig. 3: The House of Natural Sciences in ETH Zurich served as the location of implementation; Left – Adaptive Solar Façade in action; Right – Kinematics of the actuator in its various states (Source: ETH Zurich, Nagy et al, 2016)

The advantages offered can be classified as follows:

Qualitative benefits:

· Improved internal conditions optimized for time of day

· Improvement in user comfort levels

· Functions as a living lab – practical case example for students, academics, and researchers

· Global solution with requisites as per climate

· Can be applied either as a retrofit measure or in parallel with ongoing construction

Quantitative benefits:

· 56% energy saved as compared to absence of shading systems

· 25% energy saved as compared to fixed louvre shading systems

· Overall energy consumption cut down by 25% due to solar energy from ASF

Challenges: The design of the ASF faces certain challenges in its implementation and operation, despite its practical success so far. The key issue that impedes its global application is the variance in climatic conditions, especially those of the extremes. This can be attributed to the choice of materials used in the framework and the modules, which, while apt for the necessary functions, are lightweight and delicate. These properties do not factor detrimentally since they were chosen as such for the alpine climate of Zurich that is also prevalent in central Europe. However, under more hostile conditions (extreme temperatures, winds, abrasives such as sand and hail), the structural integrity of the facade system is at a high risk of being compromised.

In addition, the ASF functions as a system based on solar power, for better or worse. This can be a limiting factor in the absence of viable solar radiation, as is the case in certain climatic zones.

4. Sharifi-Ha House, Tehran, Iran:

The Sharifi-ha House (lit. House of Sharif and family in Persian) is a residential project in the Darrous neighbourhood of Tehran, Iran. It is designed by Alireza Taghboni, the principal architect of Next Office. It is one of the few examples of dynamic facade in residential typology. The architect drew inspiration from tradtional Iranian residences which had a summer living room (Taabestan-neshin) and a winter living room (Zemestan-neshin) for use in their respective seasons.

The kinetic elements in this seven-floor house are entire rooms, whose glass faces are exposed in pleasant climates, and rotated to shelter in harsher conditions. The control behind the movement lies with the user themselves, who can configure the spatial configuration through simplified control panels for a complex system.

Fig. 4: Timelapse of the façade of the Sharifi-ha House showing the variations in box positions (Source: ArchDaily)

The advantages offered by the design are mostly qualitative and are as follows:

· Symbol of status and iconic view

· Adaptive formulation of space as required by functions and formality settings

· Adaptive character of space reflective of external climate

· User comfort regardless of climartic conditions outside

Challenges: The presence of challlenges was felt thorughout the design process (conception to execution), from convincing the client of the efficacy of the design, to realizing what was then an unexplored concept, and by extension its structural stability and integrity over time. These also facilitated the requirement for specialized equipment from Germany to preserve the degree of precision in the engineering aspects of the project.

5. One ocean pavilion, yeosu, south korea:

The One Ocean Pavilion is an urban beachside leisure facility along the waterfront of Yeosu in South Korea. It came into being as the finalized entry for the design of an exhibition centre for EXPO Yeosu 2012 in the year 2009, as a brainchild of soma architecture. It is accaimed for its translation of natural biological processes into an eyecatching architectural element as part of its form and facade.

The overall theme of the expo was ‚“The Living Ocean and the Coast“, which was expected to be reflected to some degree in the design. The successful proposal by soma architecture was judged as the most suited design as it seamlessly melded into its context, with inspiration drawn from the ocean itself. The facade system in this case is a bionic representation of the gill system of fishes, with its primary function of letting in natural light analogous to the breathing function of the gill system.

Fig. 5: The One Ocean Pavilion applies context-relevant symbolism to reflect the client’s ideals ; Left – View of the pavilion from the sea; Right – Render of façade with open lamellas (Source: soma architecture)

The folowing advantages were realized by means of this facade installation:

· A visual experience that serves as a physical embodiment of ideals

· Visual experience from both the interior and the exterior of the volume

· Context–oriented design strategy based on material choice and modus operandi

· Optimised interior in terms of lighting during daytime

· Optimized wind circulation due to redistribution of sea breeze

· Minimal energy burden on regular power supply of the building

6. Media-Tic, Barcelona:

Media-TIC is a multi-use building that primarily serves as offce spaces for multiple companies housed within. Built in September 2010, it is known across the world for being one of the few building in the world to obtain the LEEDS Platinum certification before the movement of sustainability in architecture began to gain traction acros the world.

The two different facade systems, known as the ‘cloud‘ and the ‘diaphragm‘ systems, function in their unique ways, with the common aim of regulating light, heat, and UV rays permeating to the building interior.The ‘cloud‘ system has each individual panel filled with a mixture of air and nitrogen, whose density acts as a sunlight filter. The inflation and deflation of each individual panel is governed by photovoltic sensors that measure the sun’s angle and heat. The ‘diaphragm‘ system has three layers of ETFE, of which the exterior layer is transparent, while the middle and the innermost layers are more opaque. The inner layers are filled with nitrogen such that they provide a cloudy interior with shading even in the harshest of suns.

The ETFE facades are powered by solar panels intended for that sole purpose, hence they are almost self sufficient in terms of energy consumption. The ETFE panels do not require cleaning or maintenance as they are anti-adherent and immune to loss of elasticity, transparency and hardness with the passage of time.

Fig. 6: The Media TIC building in Barcelona is one of the first buildings to get the LEEDS certification; Left – ‘Cloud’ façade system; Right – ‘Diaphragm’ façade system (Source: Enric Ruiz-Geli)

The advantages offered by the facade system are as follows:

· High degree of energy efficiency, close to net zero status

· Respite from sunlight glare

· Respite from external heat during peak summer

· Protection from UV radiation

· Partial solution to lighting at night

· Low maintenance cost

· Longevity of facade system

While ETFE is a contextually viable material with targeted benefits, it has its fair share of disadvantages:

· High initial cost compared to materials with similar (though inferior) properties

· High operating costs required to keep the membrane inflated at a set pressure

· Susceptible to power failures, as operation will be halted due to interruptions in power supply

· ETFE membranes have poor sound insulation, apparent in the case of rains and hail

· Risk of discharge of poisonous fumes of carbon monoxide and fluorine hydrite from the membrane during fires

7. Brisbane Airport Garage, Brisbane:

The Brisbane Airport Parking Garage has a dynamic facade element affixed to one part of its exterior as a retrofitting project whose design concept was a collaborative effort between artist Ned Kahn and UAP Studio. The project facade covers an area of 5000 square metres over a volume of eight stories, and the dynamism is reflective of the local wind pattern.

This project, titled ‘Turbulent Line‘ is based on the contextual influences of Brisbane,Queensland, such as the sustained wind in the direction of the facade all around the year, and the iconic Brisbane river flowing through the city, which is abstracted as a simplified curve across the entire artwork.

Fig. 7: The Brisbane Airport Garage is reflective of natural elements invisible to the naked eye; Left – View of the entire façade; Right – Close-up view of the aluminium plates in the façade system (Source: DesignBoom)

The kinetic element is reflective of the contextual wind pattern, as it consists of 250,000 aluminium plates (bolted on one side to a support grid) in various configurations, that sway to the wind, such that the entire suface of the facade displays ripples.

The advantages offered by the facade system are on both a qualitative as well as quantitative level.

Qualitative benefits:

· Establishes a closer connect to nature on a sub-conscious level

· Iconic element in the locale

· Refurbishment of a previously drab structure

· Improved comfort level within the garage with regards to shading, protection from elements, noise levels, ventilation and exhaust fume release

Qualitative benefits:

· Reduced solar gain

· Improved ventilation from natural sources saves on ventilation costs

· Limited natural lighting solution

· No energy required for facade movement

The following issues serve to disavantage the facade system:

· Aluminium construction requires more expertise than steel, resultant in cost increase

· The alumnium panels are susceptible to bending

· Large number of panels increases manitenance costs

· High risk of glare from aluminium panels for motorists, may result in accidents

· Susceptible to extreme winds and rains, which cannot be withstood by the lightweight aluminium framework

8. Megafaces Pavilion, Sochi:

The MegaFaces Pavilion is a thematic installation prepared for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia by Asif Khan. It consists of a cubical structure with one of its facades designed and programmed to recreate the facial features of visitors in 3D on a 6 metre by 8 metre medium consisting of an intricate network of actuators, cylinders, and LED lights under a flexible membrane. It has been compared to the Mount Rushmore presidential monument due to its similarities. The facade system was formulated as a amalgamation of digital, sculptural, and architectural disciplines.

The facade system consisted of 10,477 actuators arranged in a trigonal grid across an area 18 metres wide and 6 metres tall. A trigonal grid was chosen by iart as it allowed for organic forms to be realized the closest to reality compared to other grid patterns. Each actuator is an aluminium tube that protrudes upto 2m, with data and power connections on one end and and LED light on the other end. Each LED light is encased in a frosted polycarbonate sphere that diffuses the light from the LEDs more evenly from the point source. The actuator is bidirectional, moving back and forth based on the input, creating facial profiles as a whole.

The input would be received either from the photo booth within the pavilion itself, or from one of the many photo booths acting as data collection centres across eight cities in Russia for the duration of the Winter Olympics. Due to the sheer volume of users, the time required to receive input (taking photos of the face from different angles) was reduced to 15 seconds.

Fig. 8: The Megafaces Pavilion is an advertising campaign that drew parallels with Mount Rushmore; Left – Daytime view of the pavilion; Right – Generated faces with varied lighting (Source: Wikipedia, Arthur Carabott)

The advantages offered by this installation were as follows:

· Iconic monument of the new era

· Operation accessible to all within the region

· Understanding of human nature, current trends, and client needs consolidated into existence

· Successful advertising campaign for clients

· Novelty with aesthetic appeal

Comparitive Analysis:

Now that the case examples across different contexts with varying intended functions and means of operation are documented, there needs to be a process of analysis where these examples seen previously can be compared with one another under certain perquisite parameters. These parameters will be framed as such they can facilitate the process of comparison and contrasting characteristics by means of commonalities inferred from the data collected so far. Thus, the approach towards the mentioned end is facilitated by means of tabulating the data for the ease of the compare-and contrast process.

The parameters shortlisted for analysis are as follows:

· Location: To show the globalized approach with an even geographical distribution; useful for understanding cultural influences

· Climate: Allows for the understanding of local climatic conditions, and how they impact the design of the façade

· Building typology: Deduces the building functions and intended users

· Time of construction: Monitors changes in trends over the years; can also give insight on wear and tear over time

· Type of dynamism: Categorization according to the mentioned types

· Structural system: Insight of load burden on main structure

· Control over dynamism: Documents the mode of control of the kinetic movement and its underlying influences

· Intended purpose: Gives insight into façade functions

· Power source: Elucidates on the source for the energy requirement for the operation of the façade.

Table 1: Data tabulation for case examples 3.1 (Al Bahr Towers, Abu Dhabi), 3.2 (Arab World Institute, Paris), 3.3 (ETH, Zurich) and 3.4 (Sharifi-ha House, Tehran)

	Al-Bahr towers	Arab World Institute	ETH Zurich	Sharifi-ha House
Location	Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates	Paris, France	Zurich, Switzerland	Tehran, Iran
Climate	Hot, dry(arid desert)	Mild, moderately humid	Mild, cold winters	Hot, dry summers; cold winters
Building typology	Commercial tower	Institution	Institution	Residence
Time of construction	2012	1987	2018(phase 1) 2021(phase 2)	2013
Structural support	Independent	Dependent	Independent	Dependent
Control over dynamism	Automated(sensors)	Automated(sensors)	Automated(sensors)	Manual(mechanized)
Intended purpose	Aesthetics, experience	Shelter, energy efficient	Aesthetics, shelter, experience	Aesthetics, experience
Power source	Regular and solar	Regular	Solar	Regular

Table 2: Data tabulation for case examples 3.5 (One Ocean Pavilion, Yeosu), 3.6 (Media-TIC, Barcelona), 3.7 (Brisbane Airport Parking Garage, Brisbane) and 3.8 (MegaFaces, Sochi)

	One Ocean Pavilion	Media-TIC	Brisbane Airport Parking Garage	MegaFaces
Location	Yeosu, South Korea	Barcelona, Spain	Brisbane, Australia	Sochi, Russia
Climate	Warm, humid summers; cold, windy winters	Hot, sunny summers, mild wet winters	Hot, humid summer	Warm summers; mild to cold winters
Building typology	Exhibit	Commercial	Garage	Exhibit
Time of construction	2012	2010	2011	2014
Structural support	Dependent	Independent	Dependent	Dependent
Control over dynamism	Automated (sensors)	Automated (sensors)	Automated (natural)	Manual (digital)
Intended purpose	Aesthetics, experience	Shelter, energy efficient	Aesthetics, shelter, experience	Aesthetics, experience
Power source	Regular and solar	Solar	None	Regular

DISCUSSION:

From the case studies and their comparative analysis tabulated previously, we can observe the diverse contexts behind each dynamic façade installation, be it their purpose, their end user group, and their means of operation, each of which influences one another.

· The role of climate can never be understated as most of the strategies work with climate in mind, failing which, they are bound to fall into disrepair (as in the case of the Arab World Institute). Thus a context based approach that takes into account the local climate (based on which the material and operation techniques can be finalized) and the end user group (for whom the purpose is geared towards) will succeed irrespective of the location around the globe.

Another aspect in climate is the poor adaptability of dynamic façades to extreme elements of the weather, unless specially engineered to withstand them at additional cost (as in the case of the Al-Bahr Towers) or with the usage of inert material in the façade (observed in the case of the Media-TIC building, which has its own drawbacks of poor sound insulation)

· The structural loads of the dynamic façade system need to be taken into consideration in the cases of specialized design and especially in retrofitting. This is due to the additional load brought on by the entire system with its kinetic components, which makes the structural frame of the building more prone to sustained vibrations.

In most cases, the dynamic façades have their own structural system to offset the additional load from the building.

· Also, a dynamic façade with kinetic components give the most apparent results (be it quantitative or qualitative) compared to a non- kinetic approach (which is far more limited in its impact), but on the other hand also requires much investment (monetary, labour) that needs to be sustained for its continued optimal state.

· A cost-benefit analysis is to be seriously considered before implementing a dynamic façade with kinetic elements; if the benefits substantially outweigh the costs of the dynamic façade system, and other matters fall into place, then there is the viability of a dynamic façade system. Thus cost is another key factor in governing the choice. So far, the efficacy of dynamic façades is proportionately higher (up to a certain limit) with the scale of the base structure.

· Another factor in designing and implement a dynamic façade system is the knowledge and expertise in all matters related to the process, and the need for specialized/ precision equipment and skilled workforce. It also requires an intermeshing of multiple disciplines (direct interference or indirect input) which needs to be suitably managed.

· A dynamic façade works best when it is specially designed and implemented parallel to the design and construction of a building. However, there do exist certain dynamic façade systems that can be applied on a previously constructed building as a retrofitted measure.

· The operation of a dynamic façade has its own power needs, which will be imposed on the power supply of the overall building. In the examples seen so far, the façade systems have a dedicated power supply network of their own, which is either a portion diverted from the overall power supply or a standalone system of power generation (solar energy in most cases).

Thus, when a dynamic façade system is planned as part of a design proposal, the energy consumption of the façade system needs to be taken into account. This is a critical factor as the energy consumption of the buildings with a dynamic façade system may remain the same as (or even exceed) conventional built structures without one, defeating the purpose if energy savings is the intent.

CONCLUSION:

With all said, a dynamic façade system can be categorized as a high-risk, high returns measure if the requisite conditions are fulfilled. The innumerous merits offered by dynamic façade systems are summarized as such:

· Advantages in both aesthetic and functional aspects

· Advantageous on a qualitative and quantitative basis

· When implemented as a reflection of a good understanding of the local context, the benefits obtained outweigh other elements that offer similar functions with a noticeable difference

· Dynamic façades are a versatile design element that take up the function of multiple design elements in conventional construction.

However, the groundwork and the process behind their implementation and operation is nothing short of an endeavour. The procurement of specialized equipment and materials, coupled with the requirement of expertise makes the design, construction and operation of dynamic façades available only to a select few in the present context.

Additionally, cost is the key prohibitive factor that prevents the universal adoption of dynamic façades irrespective of typology, followed by local climatic conditions.

Thus, as a construction strategy and design element for the current and future eras, dynamic façades are very much viable, but not universally so (irrespective of scale and typology) as far as their efficiency is concerned. With regards to aesthetics, dynamic façades can be implemented regardless of scale and typology when cost efficiency is not taken into account.

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS:

The authors have no conflict of interests regarding this process.

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Received on 15.03.2024 Accepted on 20.06.2024

Research J. Engineering and Tech. 2024; 15(1):33-43.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-581X.2024.00006